GRAMMAR

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I work	I don't work	Do I work?
You work	You don't work	Do you work?
He/She/It works	He/She/It doesn't work	Does he/she/it work?
We work	We don't work	Do we work?
They work	They don't work	Do they work?

Reglas de Ortografía (3ª Persona Singular)

La regla más importante del Presente Simple es recordar cómo cambian los verbos cuando el sujeto es he, she o it.

Regla General (+s): work → works | play → plays
Verbos en -o, -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z (+es): go → goes | watch → watches
Consonante + y (-ies): study → studies | try → tries
Irregulares: have → has | be → is

Adverbios y Expresiones

always
usually
often
sometimes
never
every day

Contraste: vs. Present Continuous

✔️ Simple: para acciones permanentes o rutinarias (I work in an office).
❌ Continuo: para acciones temporales o que ocurren ahora (I'm working from home this week).

Present Continuous

Uso

Para acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar, situaciones temporales y planes futuros confirmados.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I am working	I'm not working	Am I working?
You are working	You aren't working	Are you working?
He/She/It is working	He/She/It isn't working	Is he/she/it working?
We are working	We aren't working	Are we working?
They are working	They aren't working	Are they working?

Reglas de Ortografía (-ing)

Regla General (+ing): work → working | see → seeing
Verbos en -e (se quita la -e): have → having | write → writing
Consonante + Vocal + Consonante (se dobla la última): run → running | sit → sitting

Adverbios y Expresiones

now
right now
at the moment
today
this week

Present Perfect

Uso

Para acciones pasadas con relevancia en el presente, experiencias de vida sin fecha específica, y acciones que acaban de ocurrir.

Formación (Verbos: WORK / BREAK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I have worked / broken	I haven't worked / broken	Have I worked / broken?
You have worked / broken	You haven't worked / broken	Have you worked / broken?
He/She/It has worked / broken	He/She/It hasn't worked / broken	Has he/she/it worked / broken?
We have worked / broken	We haven't worked / broken	Have we worked / broken?
They have worked / broken	They haven't worked / broken	Have they worked / broken?

Adverbios y Expresiones

for
since
ever
never
already
yet
just

Contraste: vs. Past Simple

✔️ Present Perfect: conecta el pasado con el presente sin fecha concreta (I have lost my keys - y ahora no las tengo).
❌ Past Simple: usa una fecha específica y terminada (I lost my keys yesterday).

Present Perfect Continuous

Uso

Para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan hasta ahora, enfatizando la duración.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I have been working	I haven't been working	Have I been working?
You have been working	You haven't been working	Have you been working?
He/She/It has been working	He/She/It hasn't been working	Has he/she/it been working?
We have been working	We haven't been working	Have we been working?
They have been working	They haven't been working	Have they been working?

Adverbios y Expresiones

for
since
all day
recently

Contraste: vs. Present Perfect Simple

✔️ Continuous: se enfoca en la duración de la actividad (I've been cleaning all morning).
❌ Simple: se enfoca en el resultado de la actividad (I've cleaned the kitchen).

Tiempos de Pasado ▼

Past Simple

Uso

Para acciones completadas en un tiempo específico del pasado.

Formación (Verbos: WORK / BREAK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I worked / broke	I didn't work / break	Did I work / break?
You worked / broke	You didn't work / break	Did you work / break?
He/She/It worked / broke	He/She/It didn't work / break	Did he/she/it work / break?
We worked / broke	We didn't work / break	Did we work / break?
They worked / broke	They didn't work / break	Did they work / break?

Adverbios y Expresiones

yesterday
last year
ago
in 1999

Contraste: vs. Past Continuous

✔️ Past Simple: para la acción corta que interrumpe a una larga (The phone rang).
❌ Past Continuous: para la acción de fondo que es interrumpida (while I was sleeping).

Past Continuous

Uso

Para una acción en progreso en el pasado, a menudo interrumpida por otra, o para dos acciones simultáneas.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I was working	I wasn't working	Was I working?
You were working	You weren't working	Were you working?
He/She/It was working	He/She/It wasn't working	Was he/she/it working?
We were working	We weren't working	Were we working?
They were working	They weren't working	Were they working?

Adverbios y Expresiones

while
as
at 5 PM yesterday

Past Perfect

Uso

Para una acción que ocurrió antes de otra acción también en el pasado ("el pasado del pasado").

Formación (Verbos: WORK / BREAK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I had worked / broken	I hadn't worked / broken	Had I worked / broken?
You had worked / broken	You hadn't worked / broken	Had you worked / broken?
He/She/It had worked / broken	He/She/It hadn't worked / broken	Had he/she/it worked / broken?
We had worked / broken	We hadn't worked / broken	Had we worked / broken?
They had worked / broken	They hadn't worked / broken	Had they worked / broken?

Adverbios y Expresiones

before
after
already
just
by the time

Contraste: vs. Past Simple

Usamos Past Perfect para la primera acción que ocurrió (The film had started) y Past Simple para la segunda (when we arrived).

Past Perfect Continuous

Uso

Para una acción continua que estaba ocurriendo antes de otra acción en el pasado, enfatizando la duración.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I had been working	I hadn't been working	Had I been working?
You had been working	You hadn't been working	Had you been working?
He/She/It had been working	He/She/It hadn't been working	Had he/she/it been working?
We had been working	We hadn't been working	Had we been working?
They had been working	They hadn't been working	Had they been working?

Adverbios y Expresiones

for
since
all day long

Tiempos de Futuro ▼

Future Simple (Will)

Uso

Para decisiones espontáneas, predicciones, promesas y ofrecimientos.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I will work ('ll)	I will not work (won't)	Will I work?
You will work	You won't work	Will you work?
He/She/It will work	He/She/It won't work	Will he/she/it work?
We will work	We won't work	Will we work?
They will work	They won't work	Will they work?

Adverbios y Expresiones

tomorrow
next week
I think
probably

Contraste: vs. Be going to

✔️ Will: para decisiones tomadas en el momento (I'll have the salad).
❌ Be going to: para planes previos (I'm going to visit my aunt tomorrow).

Future Simple (Be going to)

Uso

Para planes e intenciones previas, y predicciones basadas en evidencia actual.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I am going to work	I am not going to work	Am I going to work?
You are going to work	You aren't going to work	Are you going to work?
He/She/It is going to work	He/She/It isn't going to work	Is he/she/it going to work?
We are going to work	We aren't going to work	Are we going to work?
They are going to work	They aren't going to work	Are they going to work?

Adverbios y Expresiones

tomorrow
next weekend
Look!

Contraste: vs. Present Continuous

✔️ Be going to: se enfoca en la intención (I'm going to travel more).
❌ Present Continuous: se usa para planes ya organizados, con fecha y hora (I'm travelling to Paris on Tuesday).

Future Continuous

Uso

Para una acción que estará en progreso en un momento específico del futuro.

Formación (Verbo: WORK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I will be working	I won't be working	Will I be working?
You will be working	You won't be working	Will you be working?
He/She/It will be working	He/She/It won't be working	Will he/she/it be working?
We will be working	We won't be working	Will we be working?
They will be working	They won't be working	Will they be working?

Adverbios y Expresiones

this time tomorrow
at 9 PM next Friday

Future Perfect

Uso

Para una acción que estará completada antes de un momento específico o de otra acción en el futuro.

Formación (Verbos: WORK / BREAK)

Afirmativa	Negativa	Interrogativa
I will have worked / broken	I won't have worked / broken	Will I have worked / broken?
You will have worked / broken	You won't have worked / broken	Will you have worked / broken?
He/She/It will have worked / broken	He/She/It won't have worked / broken	Will he/she/it have worked / broken?
We will have worked / broken	We won't have worked / broken	Will we have worked / broken?
They will have worked / broken	They won't have worked / broken	Will they have worked / broken?

Adverbios y Expresiones

by...
by the time...
in two years